Latest CFPB Updates
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
The Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB) is responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB’s jurisdiction includes credit unions, banks, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States. NASCUS closely monitors CFPB developments and responds to requests for comments on rules impacting the credit union system.
Recent 2024 Updates
CFPB Sues JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo for Allowing Fraud to Fester on Zelle
CFPB Takes Action on Bait-and-Switch Credit Card Rewards Tactics
Published
Today, the CFPB issued a Final Rule related to residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) transactions.
The final rule:
- amends Regulation Z’s exclusion of tax assessments and tax liens from the definition of credit to clarify that voluntary tax assessments and tax liens, such as PACE financing, are not excluded under TILA and Regulation Z;
- recognizes PACE financing as meeting the definition of credit under TILA and Regulation Z;
- prescribes ability-to-repay requirements for residential PACE financing; and
- makes other amendments and exemptions to make clear how other rules in Regulation Z apply to PACE financing.
The Final Rule includes model Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure forms to be used to comply with the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure (TRID) Rule for PACE transactions.
You can access the Final Rule, the Executive Summary, and the TRID forms here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/mortgage-resources/property-assessed-clean-energy-pace-transactions/.
CFPB Uncovers Illegal Practices Across Student Loan Refinancing, Servicing, and Debt Collection
Today, the CFPB issued a final rule that amends Regulations Z and E to ensure that extensions of overdraft credit offered by very large financial institutions adhere to consumer protections required of similarly situated products, unless the overdraft fee is at or below the institution’s costs and losses.
The CFPB also issued an unofficial redline and executive summary of the final rule.
You can read the final rule, the unofficial redline, and the executive summary here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/deposit-accounts-resources/overdraft-lending-very-large-financial-institutions/.
CFPB Closes Overdraft Loophole to Save Americans Billions in Fees
The proposed rule would amend Regulation V to implement FCRA definitions of consumer report and consumer reporting agency, as well as certain other FCRA provisions, to, among other things, ensure that FCRA protections are applied to sensitive consumer information that the statute was designed to protect, including information sold by data brokers.
The CFPB also released a Fast Facts Summary of the proposed rule.
You can access the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Fast Facts Summary here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/other-applicable-requirements/fair-credit-reporting-act/
CFPB Survey Reveals Impacts of Student Loan Debt Relief and Repayment Challenges
CFPB Report Details Carveouts for Financial Institutions in State Data Privacy Laws
CFPB Takes Action to Address Townstone Financial’s Unlawful Redlining
CFPB Takes Action to Curb Unchecked Worker Surveillance
CFPB Orders Apple and Goldman Sachs to Pay Over $89 Million for Apple Card Failures
Published
- The CFPB has issued a final rule regarding personal financial data rights. The final rule is available at www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/required-rulemaking-on-personal-financial-data-rights/.
- The CFPB has also provided an executive summary of the personal financial data rights rule. It is available at www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/other-applicable-requirements/personal-financial-data-rights/.
CFPB Takes Action Against Arbitration Platform Ejudicate for Deceiving Student Borrowers
CFPB Takes Action Against Wrongful Auto Repossessions and Loan Servicing Breakdowns
Published
CFPB Releases Nonbank Registration Orders Rule Coverage Chart
Today, the CFPB released a chart that summarizes how an entity may determine if it is required to register an order under the Nonbank Registration Orders Rule.
The chart is available here: www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/nbr-submission/.
Published
The CFPB issued an Advisory Opinion discussing when collection of medical bills may violate the prohibitions on false, misleading, or deceptive or unfair or unconscionable debt collection practices under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA).
Specifically, the Advisory Opinion identifies current practices, including collection of unsubstantiated medical bills, collection of amounts not owed or no longer owed, or collection for services not received, and explains why these violate the FDCPA’s prohibitions and how debt collectors are strictly liable if they engage in these practices.
You can access the Advisory Opinion here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/advisory-opinion-program/.
CFPB Takes Aim at Double Billing and Inflated Charges in Medical Debt Collection
Published SEP 24, 2024
CFPB Seeks Comment on Applications to Become a Recognized Open Banking Standard-Setter
the CFPB released a webpage that makes available for public comment applications to become a recognized standard setter under the Personal Financial Data Rights Rule. In June 2024, the CFPB finalized a portion of the Personal Financial Data Rights Proposed Rule. That final rule defines criteria for becoming a recognized standard setter. Additionally, that final rule identifies that conformance with standards adopted and maintained by a recognized standard setter may indicate compliance for certain substantive provisions of the Personal Financial Data Rights Proposed Rule.
As part of the final rule issued in June, the CFPB also provided application procedures for those seeking to become recognized standard setters. The CFPB stated it may publish applications and seek comment on those applications. This webpage will house the published applications and provide the applicable comment deadlines for the applications.
To that end, the CFPB has now posted the first application for public comment. Comments on that application are due October 16, 2024. Any future applications for public comment will be posted on this webpage.
You can access the application and the Recognized Open Banking Standard-Setter Application webpage here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/personal-financial-data-rights/applications-for-open-banking-standard-setter-recognition/.
CFPB Report Highlights Challenges Facing Servicemembers and Veterans with Student Loans
CFPB Proposes Amendment to Remittance Transfer Rule
Published
CFPB Proposes Narrow Amendment to Remittance Transfer Disclosure Requirements
The CFPB issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, which proposed a narrowly tailored amendment to Regulation E and accompanying model forms to ensure that consumers sending a remittance transfer have information about the types of inquiries that may be most efficient to direct to the CFPB and the State agency that licenses or charters their remittance transfer provider.
You can read the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/notice-opportunities-comment/open-notices/remittance-transfers-under-the-electronic-fund-transfer-act-regulation-e/.
Published
CFPB Issues Buy Now, Pay Later FAQs
The CFPB released Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) guidance on Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) products. The FAQs provide guidance on applying Regulation Z to BNPL products, such as how to apply credit card periodic statement requirements to Pay-in-Four BNPL products that are accessed by digital user accounts.
You can access the Buy Now, Pay Later FAQs here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/consumer-cards-resources/buy-now-pay-later-bnpl-products/.
CFPB Takes Action to Stop Banks from Harvesting Overdraft Fees Without Consumers’ Consent
The CFPB ordered TD Bank to pay $7.76 million to tens of thousands of victims because of the bank’s illegal actions.
CFPB Report Highlights Consumer Protection Issues in Medical and Rental Debt Collection
Published CFPB Releases Beta for Small Business Lending Data Filing Platform
The CFPB is pleased to announce the availability of the beta platform for the small business lending data collection rule pursuant to section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. We invite the participation of financial institutions and their technology partners to test the beta platform and share feedback with the CFPB on their experience. Participants will be provided the opportunity to create a Login.gov account, upload sample data test files, review validation results, and explore the beta platform’s features. Feedback on your experience will help us identify areas for potential enhancement and improve the data filing process. Teams can work in an early test environment at their own pace and convenience.
To access the beta for the Small Business Lending Data Filing Platform, visit https://sbl-beta.cfpb.gov/. To learn more about the beta platform and how to get started, review this document. Please feel free to share this invitation with other colleagues within your organization or partners who may benefit from participating in this beta test.
Please note that the beta platform is for testing purposes only. Data submitted on the beta platform will not be considered for compliance with small business lending data reporting requirements. Test files to be used can be found in our test file repository. Participants are welcome to test using other sample files; however, it is imperative that they do not use actual customer data.
We encourage participants to provide feedback on their experience using the beta for the Small Business Lending Data Filing Platform and to direct any questions regarding the platform to [email protected].
What Buy Now, Pay Later lenders are doing to be upfront with borrowers
Published AUG 16, 2024
CFPB Updates Small Business Lending Filing Instructions Guide
Today, the CFPB issued the 2025 Small Business Lending Filing Instructions Guide, which updates the compliance dates used in the filing instructions to correspond with the new compliance dates for the rule. The 2025 updates include updating:
- References that use the year 2024 to references that use the year 2025 throughout the guide.
- The applicable filing period for this guide to reflect the updated Tier 1 compliance dates of July 18, 2025, through December 31, 2025, (as discussed in the Interim Final Rule).
- The Action Taken Date & Application Date data point examples so that they reflect the new compliance dates and use year 2025.
- The validation ID E0321 to reflect the updated filing period based on the new Tier 1 compliance dates.
The CFPB has also updated other resources to reflect the extended compliance dates.
You can access the 2025 Small Business Lending Filing Instructions Guide here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/small-business-lending/filing-instructions-guide/.
You can access the other updated resources here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/small-business-lending-resources/small-business-lending-collection-and-reporting-requirements/.
Published AUG 13, 2024
CFPB Issues Advisory Opinion, Report, and Consumer Advisory on Contracts for Deed
The Advisory Opinion affirms that, generally, contracts for deed are credit that is offered by a creditor under the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). As such, most contracts for deed are also residential mortgage transactions under Regulation Z.
The CFPB also issued a report on contracts for deed in the market and has released a consumer advisory identifying how consumers may submit complaints to the CFPB about contracts for deed.
You can access the Advisory Opinion here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/truth-in-lending-regulation-z-consumer-protections-for-home-sales-financed-under-contracts-for-deed/.
You can access the report here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/report-on-contract-for-deed-lending/.
You can access the consumer advisory here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/consumer-advisory-help-is-available-for-people-facing-housing-problems-because-of-a-contract-for-deed/.
CFPB Takes Action to Stop Contract-for-Deed Investors from Setting Borrowers Up to Fail
CFPB Report Finds Lenders Cramming Markup Fees and Confusing Terms into Solar Energy Loans
PUBLISHED
CFPB Report Highlights Junk Fees Charged by School Lunch Payment Platforms
CFPB Warns Against Intimidation of Whistleblowers
PUBLISHED
Agencies Issue Final Rule to Help Ensure Credibility and Integrity of Automated Valuation Models
FFIEC Publishes 2023 Data on Mortgage Lending
The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) today published data on 2023 mortgage lending transactions reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) by 5,113 U.S. financial institutions, including banks, savings associations, credit unions, and mortgage companies.
CFPB Proposes Rules to Help Homeowners Avoid Foreclosure
CFPB Issues Proposed Rule to Amend the Mortgage Servicing Rules
Today, the CFPB issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) related to the mortgage servicing rules in Regulation X.
In general, the proposed rule would streamline existing loss mitigation requirements to provide borrowers with quicker loss mitigation solutions, add foreclosure procedural safeguards that begin as soon as a borrower requests loss mitigation assistance, revise certain early intervention requirements, and provide borrowers with access to certain mortgage servicing communication in languages other than English. The proposed rule also requests comment on various servicing issues, including comment on servicer furnishing practices for consumer reporting.
You can read the NPRM and an unofficial redline of the proposed changes here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/notice-opportunities-comment/open-notices/streamlining-mortgage-servicing-for-borrowers-experiencing-payment-difficulties-regulation-x/.
You can also read a Fast Facts summary of the proposed rule here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/mortgage-resources/mortserv/.
CFPB and FHFA Release Updated Data from the National Survey of Mortgage Originations for Public Use
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) today published updated loan-level data for public use collected through the National Survey of Mortgage Originations (NSMO). The data also provide updated mortgage performance and credit information for a nationally representative sample of mortgage borrowers from 2013 to 2021.
Since 2014, FHFA and CFPB have sent quarterly surveys to borrowers who recently obtained mortgages. These surveys gather feedback on borrowers’ experiences during the mortgage process, their perceptions of the mortgage market, and their future expectations. Today’s release adds one additional year of new mortgage data through 2021.
PUBLISHED
The CFPB’s 2023 fair lending annual report to congress
CFPB released its Fair Lending Annual Report to Congress, describing how we took action against unlawful discrimination and advanced access to fair credit in calendar year 2023.
The CFPB used every tool at our disposal to carry out our fair lending work, from enforcement and supervision to guidance and rulemaking, including close coordination with our state and federal partners.
The CFPB took action against repeat offender Citibank for intentional, illegal discrimination against Armenian Americans applying for credit cards. The CFPB and Department of Justice also sued a Texas-based developer named Colony Ridge for discriminatorily targeting Latinos with inferior mortgage products. The CFPB also identified significant issues around institutions failing to report demographic information required under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA). In addition to addressing issues through the supervisory process, we filed two public enforcement actions against repeat offenders, Freedom Mortgage and Bank of America, for inaccurate reporting of HMDA data.
PUBLISHED
CFPB Issues Interim Final Rule to Extend Compliance Dates for the Small Business Lending Rule
The CFPB has issued an interim final rule extending the small business lending rule’s compliance dates and making other date-related conforming adjustments.
The interim final rule is available here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/small-business-lending-under-the-equal-credit-opportunity-act-regulation-b-extension-of-compliance-dates/.
CFPB Extends Compliance Dates for Small Business Lending Rule
CFPB Extends Compliance Dates for Small Business Lending Rule
Today, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued an interim final rule to extend compliance deadlines for the small business lending rule. After the CFPB issued the small business lending rule on March 30, 2023, a federal court in Texas stayed the rule pending the Supreme Court’s decision in CFPB v. CFSA. The Texas court also required the CFPB to extend the rule’s compliance deadlines to compensate for the period stayed. Today’s interim final rule follows the recent Supreme Court decision in CFPB v. CFSA.
The interim final rule extends compliance dates by 290 days, which is the time that has elapsed between the Texas court’s first issuance of a stay last year and the Supreme Court’s decision in CFPB v. CFSA last month. Lenders with the highest volume of small business loans must begin collecting data by July 18, 2025; moderate volume lenders by January 16, 2026; and the smallest volume lenders by October 18, 2026. The deadline for reporting small business lending data to the CFPB remains June 1 following the calendar year for which data are collected. Thus, high volume lenders will first submit data by June 1, 2026, while moderate and low volume lenders will first submit data by June 1, 2027. Under the interim final rule, lenders may continue using their small business originations from 2022 and 2023 to determine their initial compliance date, or instead use their originations from 2023 and 2024.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today filed a proposed order that would require Freedom Mortgage Corporation to pay a $3.95 million penalty for submitting error-riddled mortgage loan data to federal regulators. In October 2023, the CFPB sued the nonbank mortgage company for violating both the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and a 2019 CFPB order. In addition to the civil money penalty, if entered by the court, today’s proposed stipulated judgment and order will require Freedom Mortgage to regularly audit, test, and correct the company’s HMDA data.
Freedom Mortgage Corporation is a privately held nonbank mortgage loan originator and servicer headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida. In 2020, Freedom reported HMDA data on over 700,000 mortgage loan applications and originated nearly 400,000 HMDA-reportable loans worth almost $100 billion.
PUBLISHED
CFPB Issues Proposed Rule and Fast Facts on Medical Information in Consumer Reports
Today, the CFPB issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) related to consumer reporting of medical information. The CFPB also released a Fast Facts summary of the NPRM.
The proposal would remove an existing Regulation V exception to the Fair Credit Reporting Act’s limitation on a creditor’s use of medical debt information, and it would amend existing exceptions for use of other medical information related to credit eligibility determinations. The proposed rule would also generally prohibit consumer reporting agencies from including medical debt information in consumer reports to creditors making credit determinations.
You can access the NPRM and Fast Facts here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/other-applicable-requirements/fair-credit-reporting-act/.
You can sign up to receive updates on consumer reporting rules and guidance here: www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/signup/.
CFPB Proposes to Ban Medical Bills from Credit Reports
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today proposed a rule that would remove medical bills from most credit reports, increase privacy protections, help to increase credit scores and loan approvals, and prevent debt collectors from using the credit reporting system to coerce people to pay. The proposal would stop credit reporting companies from sharing medical debts with lenders and prohibit lenders from making lending decisions based on medical information. The proposed rule is part of the CFPB’s efforts to address the burden of medical debt and coercive credit reporting practices.
In 2003, Congress restricted lenders from obtaining or using medical information, including information about debts, through the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act. However, federal agencies subsequently issued a special regulatory exception to allow creditors to use medical debts in their credit decisions.
CFPB Launches Process to Recognize Open Banking Standards
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) finalized a rule outlining the qualifications to become a recognized industry standard setting body, which can issue standards that companies can use to help them comply with the CFPB’s upcoming Personal Financial Data Rights Rule. Today’s rule identifies the attributes that standard setting bodies must demonstrate in order to be recognized by the CFPB. The rule also includes a step-by-step guide for how standard setters can apply for recognition and how the CFPB will evaluate applications.
The CFPB is working to accelerate the shift to open banking in the United States. In 2010, Congress passed into law new personal financial data rights for consumers. Guaranteeing a consumer’s right to their data will open up more opportunities for smaller financial institutions and startups offering products and services. However, these new rights have not taken full effect, because the CFPB never issued a rule. In October 2023, the CFPB proposed a rule to implement these rights and will finalize it in the coming months.
CFPB Warns Against Deception in Contract Fine Print
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today issued a circular warning against the use of unlawful or unenforceable terms and conditions in contracts for consumer financial products or services. Companies use this fine print tactic to try to trick consumers into believing they have given up certain legal rights or protections. When financial institutions take these types of actions, they risk violating the Consumer Financial Protection Act. Today’s warning is part of the CFPB’s broader efforts to ensure freedom and fairness in people’s interactions with financial institutions.
Many consumer contracts include terms and conditions that claim to limit consumer rights and protections. This fine print may just be an attempt to confuse people about their rights. A common example is the general liability waiver, which purports to fully insulate companies from suits even though most states have laws that create hosts of exemptions to these waivers.
PUBLISHED
CFPB Issues Nonbank Registration of Orders Final Rule and Executive Summary
Today, the CFPB issued a final rule related to nonbank registration of certain orders. The final rule requires certain nonbank entities to register information about their company and certain orders, as well as submit copies of those orders, to the CFPB.
The final rule is effective on September 16, 2024, and has a phased initial registration period by nonbank type that begins as early as October 16, 2024.
You can access the final rule and an executive summary here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/registry-of-nonbank-covered-persons-subject-to-certain-agency-and-court-orders/.
CFPB Creates Registry to Detect Corporate Repeat Offenders
CFPB Sues Student Loan Servicer PHEAA for Pursuing Borrowers for Loans Discharged in Bankruptcy
Today, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) sued student loan servicer Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency (PHEAA), which does business as American Education Services (AES), for illegally collecting on student loans that have been discharged in bankruptcy and sending false information about consumers to credit reporting companies. The CFPB’s lawsuit asks the court to order PHEAA to stop its illegal conduct, provide redress to borrowers it has harmed, and pay a civil penalty.
PHEAA is a student loan servicer with its principal office in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It is a public corporation organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of December 2023, PHEAA serviced a portfolio of student loans worth roughly $17.8 billion.
CFPB Launches Inquiry into Junk Fees in Mortgage Closing Costs
PUBLISHED
Servicemembers have submitted over 400,000 complaints since the CFPB opened its doors
Complaints to CFPB from servicemembers, veterans, and their families just crossed the 400,000 mark. Last year, the CFPB saw total complaints from the military community increase by 27% from 2022 and 98% compared to 2021—with complaints ranging from credit reporting errors to mortgage problems to financial fraud and scams.
Each of these complaints represents a financial issue that a servicemember, military family member, or veteran could not get resolved with the respective company, so they turned to the CFPB for help. When banks and financial institutions flout consumer or military financial protections, the CFPB acts to ensure companies are held responsible. CFPB also conducts research to better understand the issues consumers raise and to identify potential solutions.
PUBLISHED
CFPB issued an Interpretive Rule related to “Buy Now, Pay Later” products.
The Interpretive Rule addresses the applicability of Regulation Z to certain lenders marketing their loans as “Buy Now, Pay Later.” This interpretive rule clarifies that these lenders are “card issuers” for purposes of Regulation Z. Additionally, it clarifies that such lenders that extend credit are also “creditors” subject to certain provisions of Regulation Z, including those provisions governing periodic statements and billing disputes.
Comments are due on this Interpretive Rule by August 1, 2024.
You can access the Interpretive Rule here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/notice-opportunities-comment/open-notices/use-of-digital-user-accounts-to-access-buy-now-pay-later-loans/.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today issued an interpretive rule that confirms that Buy Now, Pay Later lenders are credit card providers. Accordingly, Buy Now, Pay Later lenders must provide consumers some key legal protections and rights that apply to conventional credit cards. These include a right to dispute charges and demand a refund from the lender after returning a product purchased with a Buy Now, Pay Later loan. The CFPB launched its inquiry into the rapidly expanding Buy Now, Pay Later market more than two years ago and continues to see consumer complaints related to refunds and disputed transactions. Today’s action will help bring consistency to this market.
The Buy Now, Pay Later market has expanded rapidly over the past few years. Lenders advertise buying products over four simple payments. Products are marketed as a way to help consumers pay for expensive products and services over time without having to pay interest. Today, both products, like televisions and gaming systems, and services, like airline tickets and cruises, can be purchased through Buy Now, Pay Later products. Buy Now, Pay Later products are popular across ages, races, and income levels.
CFPB Takes Action Against Western Benefits for Swindling Student Loan Borrowers
Statement on Supreme Court Decision in CFPB v. CFSA
“For years, lawbreaking companies and Wall Street lobbyists have been scheming to defund essential consumer protection enforcement. The Supreme Court has rejected their radical theory that would have devastated the American financial markets. The Court repudiated the arguments of the payday loan lobby and made it clear that the CFPB is here to stay.”
“Congress created the CFPB to be the primary federal watchdog protecting consumers from predatory and abusive practices in the financial sector. Since the CFPB opened its doors in 2011, it has delivered more than $20 billion in consumer relief to hundreds of millions of consumers and has handled more than 4 million consumer complaints.”
“Today’s decision is a resounding victory for American families and honest businesses alike, ensuring that consumers are protected from predatory corporations and that markets are fair, transparent, and competitive.”
“This ruling upholds the fact that the CFPB’s funding structure is not novel or unusual, but in fact an essential part of the nation’s financial regulatory system, providing stability and continuity for the agencies and the system as a whole. As we have done since our inception, the CFPB will continue carrying out the vital consumer protection work Congress charged us to perform for the American people.”
CFPB Distributes $384 Million to 191,000 Victims of Think Finance’s Illegal Lending Practices
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today distributed more than $384 million to about 191,000 consumers harmed by Think Finance. Think Finance, a Texas-based online lender, deceived borrowers into repaying loans they did not owe. The CFPB distributed the money through its victims relief fund.
The CFPB’s victims relief fund, also known as the Civil Penalty Fund, has distributed more than $1 billion to consumers harmed by scams, frauds, and other illegal practices. The CFPB’s victims relief fund is a unique tool that helps the agency make harmed consumers whole when lawbreakers are unable to fully compensate their victims. Penalties paid into, and disbursed from, the victims relief fund are separate from monetary redress the CFPB orders lawbreakers to pay directly to harmed consumers.
PUBLISHED
CFPB and FRB Issue Joint Regulation CC Threshold Adjustments
On May 13, 2024, the CFPB and the Federal Reserve Board announced inflation adjustments to the dollar amount thresholds in Regulation CC relating to availability of funds as required by the Expedited Funds Availability Act (EFA Act). These adjustments are effective July 1, 2025.
You can access the final rule here: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/availability-funds-and-collection-checks-regulation-cc-threshold-adjustments/.
Agencies announce inflation-adjusted dollar thresholds for Regulation CC funds availability
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Reserve Board today jointly adjusted for inflation dollar amounts relating to the availability of customer funds.
These changes in Regulation CC include the minimum amount of deposited funds that banks must make available for withdrawal by opening of business on the next day for certain check deposits as well as the amount of funds deposited by certain checks in a new account that are subject to next-day availability.
By law, the agencies are required to adjust these dollar thresholds every five years by the annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The inflation measurement period for this adjustment began in July 2018 and ended in July 2023.
To help ensure that depository institutions have sufficient time to implement the adjustments, the compliance date for the new amounts is July 1, 2025.
Read the Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Regulation CC) final rule.
CFPB Report Highlights Consumer Frustrations with Credit Card Rewards Programs
CFPB Takes Action Against Chime Financial for Illegally Delaying Consumer Refunds
CFPB Highlights the Hidden Costs of Health Savings Accounts
CFPB Publishes Research Finding Higher Price Complexity Leads Consumers to Pay More
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued a new report that suggests consumers tend to pay more for products that have more complex pricing structures. The report is based on experiments with multiple rounds of buyers and sellers interacting in simple markets, and found that participants tended to pay more when prices were broken into sub-parts and were harder to understand. The research has implications for understanding how junk fees impede fair and competitive pricing in markets like auto loans or mortgages, where consumers have to evaluate extended warranties, add-ons, closing costs, and a wide variety of other fees instead of an all-inclusive price.
CFPB researchers had study participants act as buyers and sellers in a series of transactions. In some cases the objects for sale had a single all-in price, while in other cases the prices were split into 8 or 16 sub-prices. In the scenarios with more complex pricing, buyers tended to fare worse. The average selling prices rose, buyers had more difficulty comparing prices across sellers, and the overall amount paid rose. These findings contribute to a growing consensus of research and real-world observations showing that junk fees increase overall prices beyond what a fair and competitive market would allow.
CFPB Finds 15 Million Americans Have Medical Bills on Their Credit Reports
CFPB Takes Action to Stop Illegal Junk Fees in Mortgage Servicing
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today published an edition of Supervisory Highlights describing the agency’s actions to combat junk fees charged by mortgage servicers, as well as other illegal practices. CFPB examinations found servicers charging illegal junk fees, such as prohibited property inspection fees; sending deceptive notices to homeowners; and violating loss mitigation rules that help struggling borrowers stay in their homes. In response to the CFPB’s findings, financial institutions refunded junk fees to borrowers and stopped their illegal practices.
The mortgage servicing examination work announced today builds on prior CFPB exam work combatting junk fees in the mortgage servicing and other consumer financial markets. In October of last year, the CFPB announced that its examination work from February to August of 2023 resulted in $140 million refunded to consumers for unlawful junk fees in the areas of bank account deposits, auto loan servicing, and international money transfers. Since that time, the CFPB’s supervision junk fee work has resulted in more than $120 million in additional junk fee refunds in the area of bank account deposits.
Ensuring servicemembers can protect themselves from unlawful financial practices
The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act was passed by Congress to enable servicemembers to devote themselves to the defense of the Nation by providing them key protections. This law’s important provisions include the right to reduced interest on certain loans and shielding servicemembers from foreclosure while they are serving the nation.
In an ongoing case, Citibank has been sued by servicemembers on behalf of themselves and a class of similarly situated people who claim that the bank violated the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. Four servicemembers say that Citibank charged them and many other active duty servicemembers too much interest on their credit card debt during their military service. Rather than responding on the merits of the servicemembers’ claim, Citibank is fighting their ability even to bring a lawsuit. Citibank is arguing that the servicemembers’ credit-card agreements require them to arbitrate their class claims instead. Last year, a federal judge ruled that the servicemembers are in fact entitled to have their class claims heard in court. Citibank didn’t accept that decision, as it is now appealing the judge’s ruling. And a coalition of businesses — led by the Chamber of Commerce, American Bankers Association, and American Financial Services Association — have sided with Citibank against the group of servicemembers alleging that Citibank broke the law while they were serving their country.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is the primary regulator charged with enforcing and updating rules under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, one of the only cross-sectoral data protection laws in the United States. This law protects the public when it comes to third party aggregations of personal data.
While our work has long focused on protecting consumers from the serious harms stemming from inaccurate background reports related to employment, credit, and housing, there is an emerging consensus that intrusive surveillance and aggregation of personal data can create the conditions for harming national security and undermining freedom.
PUBLISHED CFPB releases 2023 Consumer Response Annual Report
In 2011, the CFPB began hearing directly from consumers about the challenges they face in the marketplace, bringing their concerns to the attention of financial institutions and assisting in addressing their complaints. Last year, we sent more than 1.3 million complaints to more than 3,400 companies for review and response.
Our 2023 Consumer Response Annual Report found a continued increase in credit or consumer reporting complaints, with more than one million of these complaints being sent to the three nationwide consumer reporting companies: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.
Consumers also raised issues about fraudulent activity in nearly every product category, including credit or consumer reporting, debt collection, checking or savings accounts, and credit cards.
PUBLISHED CFPB Takes Action to Halt False Claims of ‘Free’ International Money Transfers
the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued a new circular warning remittance transfer providers that false advertising about the cost or speed of sending a remittance transfer can violate federal law. Companies in the marketplace are charging junk fees on international money transfers and making false claims about the speed of transfers. The circular highlights several marketing practices relating to sending international money transfers that may violate the Consumer Financial Protection Act’s (CFPA) prohibition on deceptive acts or practices. This prohibition is enforced by the CFPB, states, and other regulators. Guidance in the circular applies both to traditional providers of international money transfers and to “digital wallets” that offer the capability to send money internationally from the United States.
Consumers in the United States send tens of billions of dollars in international remittances every year, often sent by immigrants to family and friends living abroad or to Americans living temporarily abroad, such as students. The CFPB administers and enforces the Remittance Rule under the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the first and only federal regulation that provides disclosures and other important consumer protections for people who send international remittances from the United States. The CFPB also enforces the Consumer Financial Protection Act, which prohibits unfair, deceptive or abusive acts and practices across consumer finance. Remittance providers may be liable under the CFPA for deceptive marketing practices regardless of whether the provider is in compliance with the disclosure requirements of the Remittance Rule.
CFPB Joins Federal and State Agencies in Coordinated Statements on Tech & Enforcement
Today, federal and state agencies, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), released agency-specific action statements on tech capacity. These statements reflect concrete actions to increase tech capacity, including actively hiring technologists – which will help enforce the laws on the book and design remedies that work for consumers, workers, small businesses, and others in the digital era.
Amid a rapidly evolving tech ecosystem – including the wave of attention on generative AI – CFPB technologists work in interdisciplinary teams across the Bureau to help ensure that the rights of consumers are not being violated. This includes helping to identify emerging technology developments, spot potential issues, and where appropriate, help enforce the law and develop lasting remedies.
- The HMDA modified loan/application registers (LARs) are now available for each institution that filed HMDA data collected in 2023. The modified LARs provide each financial institution’s loan-level HMDA data, as modified to protect applicant and borrower privacy in accordance with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s final policy guidance on the disclosure of HMDA data. Users also have the ability to download one combined file that contains all institutions’ modified LAR data.
- The modified LARs can be accessed here: https://ffiec.cfpb.gov/data-publication/modified-lar.
2023 HMDA Data on Mortgage Lending Now Available
The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) Modified Loan Application Register (LAR) data for 2023 are now available on the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s (FFIEC) HMDA Platform for approximately 5,089 HMDA filers. The published data contain loan-level information filed by financial institutions and modified to protect consumer privacy.
To increase public accessibility, the annual loan-level LAR data for each HMDA filer are now available online. Previously, users could obtain LAR data only by making requests to specific institutions for their annual data. To allow for easier public access to all LAR data, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s 2015 HMDA rule made the data for each HMDA filer available electronically on the FFIEC’s HMDA Platform. In addition to institution-specific modified LAR files, users can download one combined file that contains all institutions’ modified LAR data.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) does not have a monopoly when it comes to policing abusive conduct. In 2010, when Congress passed the Consumer Financial Protection Act, it made sure that state attorneys general, state regulators, and certain banking regulators were also empowered to root out harmful corporate misconduct. States in particular are at the front line of identifying abuses on the ground. They can step in immediately to stop wrongdoing, or can partner with the CFPB to marshal additional resources to protect their residents.
The federal prohibitions against unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices protect people from a wide range of corporate misconduct, including pitching products to consumers that are set up to fail or using confusing digital dark patterns to prevent consumers from canceling services they do not want. New York State is currently considering legislative reforms to strengthen the state’s consumer protection laws to further protect people from this sort of bad business behavior.
ASC hearing addresses appraisal bias, highlights deficiencies with The Appraisal Foundation
On February 13, the Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC) held a public hearing on appraisal bias, including an examination of The Appraisal Foundation. Homeownership can be a powerful tool for building intergenerational wealth, and a well-functioning mortgage market depends on accurate appraisals. Many minority homebuyers and owners, however, continue to report facing illegal discrimination during the home appraisal process because of their race, national origin, and community demographics.
A little-known non-profit corporation, The Appraisal Foundation, sets qualifications for becoming an appraiser and standards for conducting appraisals. Recent developments, including shifting explanations and deficient policies around conflicts of interest, have raised troubling questions about whether The Appraisal Foundation can realistically address challenges including appraisal bias. CFPB Director Rohit Chopra shared those concerns with his fellow financial regulators in a public comment letter.
CFPB Bans Excessive Credit Card Late Fees, Lowers Typical Fee from $32 to $8
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) finalized a rule today to cut excessive credit card late fees by closing a loophole exploited by large card issuers. The rule will curb fees that cost American families more than $14 billion a year. The CFPB estimates that American families will save more than $10 billion in late fees annually once the final rule goes into effect by reducing the typical fee from $32 to $8. This will be an average savings of $220 per year for the more than 45 million people who are charged late fees.
Summary: Executive Summary of the Credit Card Penalty Fees Final Rule
Concerned that credit card companies were building a business model on penalties, fee harvesting, and bait-and-switch tactics, Congress passed the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (CARD Act). The law banned credit card companies from charging excessive penalty fees and established clearer disclosures and consumer protections.
In 2010, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors voted to issue a regulation implementing the CARD Act, which made clear that banks could only charge fees that recover the bank’s costs associated with late payment. However, the rule included an immunity provision that allowed credit card companies to sidestep accountability if they charged no more than $25 for the first late payment, and $35 for subsequent late payments, with both amounts to be adjusted for inflation each year. Those amounts have ballooned to $30 and $41, even as credit card companies have moved to cheaper, digital business processes. Congress transferred authority for administering CARD Act rules from the Fed to the CFPB…
PUBLISHED FPB joins efforts to stop data practices threatening national security
Today, President Biden signed an executive order to protect Americans’ sensitive personal data from exploitation by countries of concern.
Modern data broker practices have allowed companies to intrude into our digital lives, monetizing our most sensitive data. Corporate data brokers are selling sensitive financial data on American families to scammers, stalkers, and others seeking to spy on us. These data brokers even sell sensitive information about U.S. military personnel.
Research published by Duke University found that the sensitive personal data of U.S. military personnel and veterans—such as health data, financial data, and information about religious practices—can be easily purchased online for as little as 12 cents per record. The study cautioned that “access to this data could be used by foreign and malicious actors to target active-duty military personnel, veterans, and their families and acquaintances for profiling, blackmail, targeting with information campaigns, and more.”
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has already begun work to bring much-needed accountability the data broker market. Last year, the CFPB launched rulemaking to address business practices used by data brokers in the surveillance industry. The CFPB will continue to take action to protect the privacy and financial stability of American servicemembers and families.
Read CFPB Director Chopra’s statement on today’s Executive Order
Read the White House fact sheet
Unlawful fees in the mortgage market
The CFPB and FTC filed an amicus brief to help ensure that people can hold debt collectors accountable for unlawful fees.
Mortgage fees and other costs have risen significantly in recent years. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is focused on how these costs affect the affordability of home ownership as well as household balance sheets. And costs for homeowners are driven up if companies in the mortgage industry can pad their profits with illegal junk fees. The CFPB is working to combat the proliferation of junk fees in consumer financial markets and to ensure that mortgage companies don’t tack on unlawful fees.
The CFPB is the primary enforcer of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). We are committed to protecting consumers from debt collectors that break the law, including mortgage servicers which often act as debt collectors and must follow the same rules when they do. As the CFPB has advised, the FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from charging fees that borrowers didn’t agree to upfront unless Congress or a state has passed a law affirmatively allowing them.
CFPB Orders Federal Supervision for Installment Lender Following Contested Designation
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today published an order establishing supervisory authority over installment lender World Acceptance.
The CFPB is responsible for supervising a wide range of financial firms to ensure they are complying with federal consumer financial protection laws. The CFPB has supervised nonbank entities in certain industries like mortgage and payday lending, service providers to banks and credit unions, and larger players in particular markets as defined by rule.
Credit card interest rate margins at all-time high
The annual percentage rate (APR) margins, the amount of interest credit card issuers charge cardholders on top of benchmark rates, have reached an all-time high.
By some measures, credit cards have never been this expensive. For cardholders who carry a balance without paying it off in full each month, issuers generally charge interest based on annual percentage rates (APRs). In 2022 alone, major credit card companies charged over $105 billion in interest, the primary cost of credit cards to consumers. While the effects of increases to the target federal funds rate have received considerable attention, the average APR margin (the difference between the average APR and the prime rate) has reached an all-time high.
In this analysis, we show that higher APR margin drove about half of the increase in credit card rates over the last decade. In 2023, excess APR margin may have cost the average cardholder over $250. Major credit card companies earned an estimated $25 billion in additional interest revenue by raising APR margin. Increases to the average APR margin – despite lower charge-off rates and a relatively stable share of subprime borrowers – have fueled issuers’ profitability for the past decade. Higher APR margins have allowed credit card companies to generate returns that are significantly higher than other bank activities.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today reported on the first set of results from the newly updated Terms of Credit Card Plans survey. The survey data reveal that large banks are offering worse credit card terms and interest rates than small banks and credit unions, regardless of credit risk. In fact, the 25 largest credit card issuers charged customers interest rates of 8 to 10 points higher than small- and medium-sized banks and credit unions. This difference can translate to $400 to $500 in additional annual interest for the average cardholder.
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CFPB Issues Revised Supervisory Appeals Process
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CFPB Secures $12 Million From Ringleaders of Foreclosure Relief Scam
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CFPB Issues Nonsufficient Funds Fees NPRM
Today, the CFPB issued the Nonsufficient Funds Fees Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NSF NPRM), which proposes to prohibit covered financial institutions from charging fees, such as NSF fees, when a consumer initiates certain payment transactions that are instantaneously declined, on the grounds that charging such fees would constitute an abusive practice. The NSF NPRM proposes the term “covered financial institution” have the same meaning as a “financial institution” in existing Regulation E, 12 CFR 1005.2(i).
Comments on the NSF NPRM must be received on or before March 25, 2024.
Read the NSF NPRM here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/rules-under-development/nonsufficient-funds-nsf-fees/.
CFPB Proposes Rule to Stop New Junk Fees on Bank Accounts
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) today proposed a rule to rein in excessive overdraft fees charged by the nation’s biggest financial institutions. The proposal would close an outdated loophole that exempts overdraft lending services from longstanding provisions of the Truth in Lending Act and other consumer financial protection laws. For decades, very large financial institutions have been able to issue highly profitable overdraft loans, which have garnered them billions of dollars in revenue annually. Under the proposal, large banks would be free to extend overdraft loans if they complied with longstanding lending laws, including disclosing any applicable interest rate. Alternatively, banks could charge a fee to recoup their costs at an established benchmark – as low as $3, or at a cost they calculate, if they show their cost data.
The proposed rule would apply to insured financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, which covers approximately the 175 largest depository institutions in the country. These institutions typically charge $35 for an overdraft loan, even though the majority of consumers’ debit card overdrafts are for less than $26, and are repaid within three days.
Approximately 23 million households pay overdraft fees in any given year. The CFPB estimates that this rule may save consumers $3.5 billion or more in fees per year. The potential savings would translate to $150 for households that pay overdraft fees. Read more
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CFPB Issues Overdraft NPRM
Today, the CFPB issued the Overdraft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Overdraft NPRM), which proposes to update regulations that apply to overdraft credit offered by certain financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets (referred to as “very large financial institutions”) by amending Regulation E and Regulation Z.
As proposed, Regulation Z would generally apply to all overdraft credit provided by very large financial institutions unless (1) the overdraft fee charged to a consumer is at or below the institution’s costs and losses of providing the overdraft service, or (2) the overdraft fee charged to a consumer is set at or below a benchmark fee to be set by the CFPB. The proposal would also update several additional provisions of Regulation E and Regulation Z so that overdraft credit is no longer excepted from those provisions.
Comments on the Overdraft NPRM must be received on or before April 1, 2024.
You can access the Overdraft NPRM and an unofficial redline here: www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/rules-under-development/overdraft-credit-very-large-financial-institutions-proposed-rule/.
CFPB Addresses Inaccurate Background Check Reports and Sloppy Credit File Sharing Practices
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Today, the CFPB announced the annual adjustments for inflation to the CFPB’s civil penalty amounts, as required by the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act, as amended. This final rule is effective on January 15, 2024.
You can access the final rule at: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/civil-penalty-inflation-annual-adjustments/.
CFPB Report Identifies Challenges Faced by Borrowers in Resumption of Student Loan Payments
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) published an issue spotlight today on the CFPB’s oversight of student loan servicing practices in the early months of the resumption of federal student loan repayments after over three years of a payment pause due to the COVID-19 emergency. Borrowers are encountering long hold times when trying to reach their student loan servicer, experiencing significant delays in application processing times for income-driven repayment plans, and receiving inaccurate billing statements and disclosures.
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The CFPB is pleased to announce that the filing period for HMDA data collected in 2023 opened on January 1, 2024. Submissions will be considered timely if received on or before Friday, March 1, 2024. The HMDA Platform provides financial institutions an opportunity to determine whether their loan/application register (LAR) data comply with the reporting requirements outlined in the Filing Instructions Guide for HMDA data collected in 2023.
Submit your data
Access the HMDA Platform to begin the filing process for data collected in 2023 here: https://ffiec.cfpb.gov/filing/.
Users will receive a confirmation email upon submission of their HMDA data. The confirmation email will be sent to the email account of the user that has submitted the data.
Testing your submission?
The Beta Platform found at https://ffiec.beta.cfpb.gov/filing/ will remain available on an ongoing basis for filers wishing to test their submissions. Please note that the Beta Platform is for testing purposes only. No data submitted on the Beta Platform will be considered for compliance with HMDA data reporting requirements. To officially submit your HMDA Data for 2023, visit the live HMDA Platform at https://ffiec.cfpb.gov/filing/.
HMDA Platform Tools provide institutions with assistance in creating their HMDA LAR file. The Online LAR Formatting Tool helps financial institutions, typically those with small volumes of covered loans and applications, create an electronic file that can be submitted to the HMDA Platform. Filers can create their transmittal sheet and LAR rows, entering values for each data field, and use this tool to download the entire LAR file. Filers can also easily edit an existing file by uploading their file to the tool. The Online LAR Formatting Tool does not save any user data.